The New York Times:
Two days with 10 men who left Central America in early
November to embark on an exhausting journey, made
riskier by the Mexican authorities’ crackdown on migrants.
riskier by the Mexican authorities’ crackdown on migrants.
A Dragnet Awaits
The next two days were a microcosm of the passage north for Central American migrants, a trip that has grown increasingly dangerous in the wake of the Mexican crackdown.
Fleeing a surge in gang violence and a void of opportunity, record numbers of Central Americans began streaming toward the United States in the spring of 2014. That year, 68,631 children, nearly twice as many as the previous year, were stopped at the United States border, having chosen the risks of the 1,000-mile journey over the dangers they faced back home.
To stem the flow, the White House promised aid to help build better lives for the migrants in their own countries. In December, $750 million was approved for Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador.
But the Obama administration took other steps, too, pressing the Mexicans to tighten their borders and to create what amounts to a migrant dragnet hundreds of miles south of the United States.
Plan Frontera Sur, as the Mexican government’s campaign is called, serves as a first line of defense for the United States. Deportations have soared in the last year, while the arrests of Central American migrants in this country have more than doubled to more than 170,000 last year from about 78,000 in 2013.
But for all the effort, the Mexican campaign has not deterred the flow of migrants north. Instead, what was already a treacherous journey has become even more dangerous.
The enhanced vigilance of the Mexican authorities has forced migrants to abandon once-preferred trains and buses in favor of riskier routes on foot through remote stretches of the Mexican countryside crawling with gangs, frustrated villagers and corrupt police officers.
Officials and rights advocates in the southern states of Chiapas, Tabasco and Oaxaca report an increase in violence against migrants — and not just at the hands of criminals. The National Human Rights Commission of Mexico reported a 40 percent increase in migrant complaints against the authorities in the year after the plan took effect.
The sustained presence of migrants has also frayed the patience of many Mexicans. Traveling on foot, the migrants are staying longer in communities they once bypassed by train, stirring resentment and fear among a populace unaccustomed to outsiders. Violence by residents has grown more common. Some communities have signed petitions demanding the removal of migrant shelters.
Over two days in early November, the 10 migrants here in Arriaga, in Chiapas State, would trek more than 40 miles through dense forests, sun-bleached farmland and highways patrolled by the authorities, terrain so unforgiving that some of their shoes fell apart. A journey of 30 minutes by car required more than 20 hours of walking. They would spend a sleepless night on a concrete porch, bracing themselves for the hostile residents of a village to attack. One would fall gravely ill, splitting the group and threatening to end the journey. Only two of the men would make it to the United States.
Almost nothing the smuggler promised would come to pass.
Into a Smuggler’s Arms
The route through Mexico used to be more straightforward. Many migrants took the Beast, the nickname for a cargo train that was long an integral part of the journey to America. But train passage through the south of Mexico has been drastically reduced as the authorities have increased surveillance.
That vigilance nearly ended the men’s journey before it began. On the morning of their departure, the migrants had been warned by a friendly local to get moving from an area near the tracks. Immigration agents would be passing through. Moments later, a police truck appeared, pushing the men into the arms of the smuggler.
Step by step, he outlined his plan for the migrants’ trip, a combination of vehicle and foot transport that would take them 100 miles in two days. The cost: just $15 a man.
Walter Martínez, 28, the leader among the Hondurans, plucked a cardboard pillbox from his book bag and opened it along the seams. The Hondurans were prepared and experienced. Written on the inside of the makeshift document were the names of cities along the route. This, according to his document, was “Part 1.”
He pressed the smuggler for details. The man complied: They would rely on a network of drivers to shuttle them from checkpoint to checkpoint. They would get out only to walk around the government barriers.
But first, he said, they had to go to his home. He needed shoes.
“You will see, I’m just like you guys,” he told the men as they made their way along a rise and back to the road. “I was also a migrant.”
Trudging Into Hostile Lands
The journey he laid out is among the most dangerous for those on foot. Local officials say the number of assaults on this remote stretch has doubled in the last year. Theft, assault and rape are common. Small votives, memorials to the dead, flicker beneath trees along the way.
But the biggest challenge the migrants would face came from within the group itself.
Leer en español (Read in Spanish) »
Today we launch The New York Times en Español. The Spanish-language website will feature a daily selection of Times news articles and opinion pieces curated and translated by a Mexico City-based team of editors, as well as original journalism in Spanish.
Hoy lanzamos The New York Times en Español. La página publicará artículos seleccionados, traducidos y editados por nuestro equipo editorial en Ciudad de México, y también incluirá artículos originales en español.
Hoy lanzamos The New York Times en Español. La página publicará artículos seleccionados, traducidos y editados por nuestro equipo editorial en Ciudad de México, y también incluirá artículos originales en español.
Josué Carillas Carnelas, a 30-year-old Honduran who had lived in Colorado until being deported, fell ill, vomiting along the roadside as the men started the walk. The men, suspecting it was from drinking water from a puddle a day earlier, urged him along with the prospect of a minivan.
There was none. Neither the smuggler’s contacts nor his “intimate” knowledge of the transport system yielded a ride. At every station, the men accepted this with poise and kept walking. The landscape took them through dense jungle and open fields. Undulating mountains were sketched along the edge of the sky.
Three of the Guatemalans had never left home before. They stayed near the front, as if proving something to the others. The eldest, a 50-year-old laborer named Negrole Jorgito López, was especially eager. The night before, at a shelter, the younger men called him Grandpa.
Heat was a constant. The men shed their shirts, exposing them to swarms of mosquitoes. The travelers shared water from a three-liter Coke bottle. Humor lightened the trip. Mr. Lesveri, the three-time veteran, used slapstick comedy: mock marching, exaggerated sighs every time a break ended, high-stepping whenever he fell behind.
Moments of kindness, too, characterized the journey. A shopowner who handed out free packets of medicine. Farmers who warned them of patrols ahead, then let the men draw water from their wells.
Eventually, the smuggler routed the group onto railroad tracks. They ran in perfect alloyed lines, straight and true, vanishing into the horizon. Trees lined the railway, forming a vast corridor with just enough space for a train to pass.
As the sun faded, the smuggler brought the men to the edge of a highway. They waited in a ditch, listening to the whistle of passing cars and the moans of Mr. Carillas. The smuggler paced the road, scanning for the authorities, as the light from fireflies pulsed in the pitch black.
‘What Do You Want Here?’
The village of Emiliano Zapata, named after the Mexican Revolution hero, hugged a small road off the highway — a grid of pastel-colored homes, their doors thrown open to the night.
The smuggler promised they would make it twice as far as they had the first day, but after seven hours of walking, the men were muted by their fatigue. No one registered a complaint, or even bothered to hide, as they entered the village.
The smuggler told them his brother lived in the village, and would put them up for the night. He had food, too, for a modest cost. The men nodded, passing a smashed concrete roundabout where a group of locals sat, drinking.
“What do you want here, mojados?” one of them yelled, using the Spanish equivalent of “wetbacks,” an irony apparently lost on the local in a country that has sent countless migrants north. The migrants snapped to attention. Another local yelled an expletive. A third beckoned them with taunts.
Mr. Martínez, the Honduran who had become the group’s de facto leader, told everyone to keep moving.
“Don’t turn around,” he whispered.
The smuggler raced ahead and ushered the group into an unlit house a few blocks from the roundabout. Across the street, three women sat on a stoop watching.
One of them beckoned to Mr. Lesveri.
“This isn’t a safe place,” she whispered, leaning forward in her chair. “Migrants get attacked and even killed in that house.”
Shaking, Mr. Lesveri raced into the backyard of the home, where the others were sprawled on a concrete porch. The smuggler was busy selling them a dinner of fried eggs for a few dollars apiece.
Mr. Lesveri grabbed him.
“Where the hell have you brought us?” he demanded.
Almost no one slept that night.
Prayers, and Moments of Panic
At 3:30 a.m., their morning ritual began. They washed their faces and plucked their shirts and socks from a clothesline. Someone produced a tub of hair gel, and each man took turns styling himself. Mr. Martínez sang love songs off-key while the others laughed.
They formed a circle and prayed, a solemn two minutes to cap a difficult night. They prayed for safety, good fortune and a future in America, then left under cover of darkness. They seemed to trust the smuggler more, now that the worst had passed.
But the next crisis came quickly. After they crossed a series of highways, careening down the opposite banks into all-but-impenetrable foliage, the ailing Mr. Carillas collapsed. The others placed him on a large stone and took turns fanning him, his face a swollen red and his breathing labored.
He closed his eyes and nearly fell from his perch.
“I can’t keep going,” he told the group.
Getting him help might have meant the end of their journey. The youngest among them was instructed to accompany the sick man to a hospital while the rest pushed on. He nodded without complaint. Just ahead, the highway passed over the railway tracks, a literal crossroads.
The men scrambled up the side of the underpass, sliding along the steep concrete slope as they lifted Mr. Carillas by his arms. They huddled in the shade of the bridge as the smuggler stood on the highway’s guardrail, looking for a taxi.
Over the drone of midday traffic, he began yelling.
“Migra!” he screamed, using slang for the immigration authorities.
The flight down the underside of the bridge was sloppy, dangerous. Mr. Carillas, unable to rouse himself, stayed behind while the others tumbled into a ravine below.
When the authorities did not storm the bridge, the migrants made their way back up, all except Mr. López, the oldest. He raced down the footpath they had followed, alone.
“I’m going ahead,” he yelled to the group. “I can’t wait here to be caught.”
His two novice companions raced after him.
By the time they hailed a taxi, Mr. Martínez, the group leader, decided to accompany Mr. Carillas himself in the taxi to the hospital. The two climbed over the guardrail and vanished, and the smuggler watched the taxi depart with a deep sigh.
Two more shares of his income gone.
The walk continued in the blazing sun. If there was a silver lining in the oppressive heat, it was that the Guatemalans who had raced ahead were moving slowly now, pausing often to rest and, for one of them, to repair the sole his left shoe, which had ripped off.
Reaching the small town of Chahuites in southwestern Mexico became an object of obsession for them. At every stop, someone would ask the smuggler how much farther they had to go. They fantasized about lunch, a large bottle of soda, new shoes.
But Chahuites was hardly as welcoming as it had once been. It was now a symbol of the changes along the migrant route north. A church-run migrant shelter, opened a year earlier, was under threat from fed-up citizens, who had filed a petition for its removal.
“I know our people are right for being upset, but immigrants have rights, too,” said José Antonio Ruiz Santos, the mayor of Chahuites.
As they entered the city, the men found Mr. Martínez sitting on a fence, waiting for them in the shade. He offered a smile and an update — he and Mr. Carillas had made it safely.
He led them to the migrant shelter, where Mr. Carillas was resting, the happy recipient of pills and an intravenous drip without having been reported to the immigration authorities. Outside, tattooed men played soccer in the streets. Others smoked cigarettes by the entrance.
“Let’s keep moving,” Mr. Martínez told the group.
The smuggler grew antsy watching his control slip away. Mr. Martínez was deciding the tempo. He suggested, forcefully, that they catch a bus.
Mr. Carillas practically swooned at the idea. He was feeling better, though for how long no one knew. The bus pulled out, headed for the town of Tapanatepec in Oaxaca, about 20 minutes away.
The reprieve was short-lived. Just outside town, the bus abruptly pulled over. One by one, the migrants bundled out. They sprinted across the highway and resumed their interminable walk.
There was a checkpoint ahead.
Over the next month, they plowed through Mexico, using a patchwork of buses, trains and similarly arduous trails. Farther north, they were robbed atop the Beast. Penniless, they stopped to work along the way, hoping to eventually earn enough to resume the trip.
Only Mr. Martínez, the leader, and another migrant would make it to the United States, though they entered the country at different times and places. Mr. Martínez crossed the Rio Grande on Christmas Eve, a month and a half later, forgoing any celebration. His next journey was already beginning: seeking a life in America.
Correction: February 9, 2016
Because of an editing error, an earlier version of a picture caption with this article misstated the number of migrants who reached the United States. Of the 10 who set out, two made it past the border, not one.
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